Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo

Brewster F2A Buffalo

Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo

First Flight:          1937, December

Power:                 Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone

                                Radial piston engine

                                1200 hp

Armament:         12.7 mm / 0.05 caliber mg x 4

Size

Wingspan:            10.67m / 35 ft

Wing area:          19.41m² / 208.9 sq ft

Length:                   8.03m / 26 ft 4 in

Height:                    3.68m / 12 ft 1 in

Weight

Empty:                  2146kg / 4723lb

Max. take-off:        3247kg / 7159lb

Performance

Max. speed:            517kph / 321mph

Ceiling:                 10,120m / 33,200ft

Range:                  1553km / 965 miles

Climb:                       935m / 3070ft per minute

The Buffalo came with a tail-hook but mishaps happened

The U.S. Navy left the biplane era and chose the Brewster F2A Buffalo as its first monoplane fighter.  The stubby plane designed for carrier duty was to be a disappointment.  Introduced in 1939 the Buffalo proved to be obsolete by late the following year.  It was both underpowered and it lacked the maneuverability of contemporary fighters built by Germany, Japan and Britain. 

The United States was slow to arrive on the world stage with a world-class fighter or tank or any one of a number of military weapons.  Why should they be otherwise?  Americans felt comfortably secure with neighbors like Mexico and Canada on their borders and two oceans separating them from the militaristic societies of Germany and Japan.  There are so many worthwhile places to invest your money when you don’t feel the need to purchase a gun to protect your life.

Unreliable landing gear was among Navy complaints 

The Wright Cyclone engine that came with the plane wasn’t half bad so long as the Buffalo was stripped to its essentials.  But then you need armor to line the pilot’s cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks and sturdier landing gear for those brutal carrier landings.   Before you know it your plane has an asthmatic climb rate and Mitsubishi Zeros and German Messerschmitt’s are literally flying circles around your gasping craft.  To lighten the load you make use fabrics for your control surfaces and you cut back on those heavy .50 caliber machine guns, maybe substituting some with .30 calibers.  Now you've wound up with a fighter with less precise maneuvering and armament that requires both a good deal of luck and skill to knock and opponent from the sky.  The truth is you can’t turn a poorly designed plane into a great fighter with a few well-considered tweaks.  You admit your mistake, write off your losses, pick a different design and start over.  This is what the Navy did when they switched to the Grumman F4F as the fighter that would defend their fleet going into World War II.  The Brewster isn’t a total loss.  It has a forgiving nature so you make it a trainer to be used by aspiring Navy pilots to cut their teeth on formation flying and dogfight aerobatics.  This is what the Navy did.

An F2A-3 Navy training squadron 

RAF Buffalo MK 1 overheated in tropical climates

The RAF purchased Brewsters to supplement a shortage of aircraft.  They were found unacceptable for the European theater and were sent to the British colonies in the Far East where they did fared poorly when up against the Japanese Zero and the region’s tropical heat.  The Netherlands bought the aircraft to help defend the Dutch East Indies.  Their experience with it was no different from the British.  Only the Finns were happy with their purchase.  They developed techniques that made the Finnish Buffalo quite successful in dogfights with Soviet fighters.

Several Finnish pilots made Ace flying the Buffalo

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Ju 87  Stuka

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TBF Avenger

CV 2 Lexington

CV 2     USS Lexington

Class:                          Lexington

CV 3       Saratoga

Builder:                        Fore River Shipbuilding, Quincy Massachusetts

Bethlehem Steel

Commissioned:          1927, 14 December

Displacement:            38,750 tons (standard)

47,650 ton (deep load)

Length:                        270.5 m / 888 ft.

Beam:                           32.1 m / 105 ft 6 in

Draught:                          8.4 m / 27 ft 6 in (standard)

9.9 m / 32 ft 6 in (deep draught)

Flight Deck:                263.8 x 32.3 m / 866 x 106 ft

Armament:                 203 mm / 8 in x 8

                                   127 mm / 5 in x 12 (as completed)

Armor:                        127 – 178 mm / 5 – 7 in (vertical belt)

                                     50 mm / 2 in (deck)

Machinery:                  Turbo-electric / 16 boilers / 4 shafts

Power:                        134,300 kW / 180,000 hp

Speed:                         33 knots

Fuel:                            2,650 tons (original)

Range:                        18,520 km / 10,000 nm @ 10 knots

Aircraft:                       83 (original assignment)

                                   36 fighters – 2 squadrons

                                   32 bombers – 2 squadrons

                                   12 plane observation squadron

                                     3 utility planes

Complement:              2,750 men

Saratoga (foreground) and Lexington 

The USS Lexington (CV 2) and her sister ship the Saratoga (CV 3) were converted from battle cruiser to carrier while under construction because of a treaty resulting from the Washington Naval Conference of 1922.  America’s first two real carriers came with hulls built to take a torpedo hit and a size that made it adaptable to aircraft that were rapidly evolving into larger size and weight.  These long, sleek ships displaced over thirty thousand tons but their sixteen boilers and turbo-electric machinery made them surprisingly fast – capable of exceeding thirty-three knots if necessary.  Their size enabled the concentration of a large air group that could be launched quickly for maximum striking power.  By 1929 fleet exercises made it evident that the carrier was a highly prized offensive platform despite the fact that its fleet of biplanes was not yet powerful enough to deliver a fatal punch.

8 inch guns for cruiser protection

The Lexington and her sister ship were initially armed with eight inch guns, grouped in four turrets of two guns apiece.  These were in line with the ship’s starboard island and its signature eighty foot stack that was constructed to disperse exhaust safely above flight operations on the deck below.  The guns were of such weight that they contributed to a slight permanent right list of the carrier, which could be offset by using fuel oil as counter-ballast.  The initial thinking was the carrier would need this means of defending itself from enemy cruisers that might attack at night or in bad weather, for instance, when aircraft would be unable to launch.  As carrier offensive doctrine developed, however, it became the rule that three heavy cruisers would combine with the carrier as a permanent tactical unit, providing her defense against conventional surface ships.  In April, 1942 these guns were removed from the Lexington and replaced by weapons suited to protect the carrier from attacks from the air.  It had become evident that the greatest threat to a carrier was aircraft from another carrier.  Thus, the primary carrier role was to destroy the opposing carrier in order to prevent its own destruction.

Large 80 foot stack of Lexington

American doctrine held that the best carrier defense was a quick and powerful carrier offense.  This view was shared by the Japanese.  Both countries would forego the weight penalty of armored flight decks and build theirs using wood planks.  This enabled them to pack more planes onboard to maximize their striking power.  The rules of battleship conflict still applied, but at a much greater distance:  victory goes to the side that first finds the enemy’s range and then pours down upon it maximum destructive force.  Carriers needed to be quick on the draw.  While Japan stored its planes in the hanger deck American doctrine had as many planes as possible parked on the flight deck, ready to launch.  The problem was that the Japanese were able to group the air wings of multiple carriers into a single force and then effectively coordinate the attacks of her torpedo planes and dive bombers.  During the early portion of the war American carriers acted independently and their torpedo and dive bombing attacks were typically disorganized and piecemeal.  Despite this, the U.S. Navy was able to blunt the Imperial Navy’s thrust into the Coral Sea in their first carrier engagement despite the greater number of American ships sunk. 

Early fighters and torpedo planes

The great loss for the United States in the battle of the Coral Sea was the sinking of the Lexington.  Her deck was struck by two bombs but the greater damage was caused by two torpedo strikes on her port side.  Still the Lexington was able to put out the fires and recover her airborne aircraft.  The ship was even proceeding at a respectable twenty-five knots.  It was shortly before one that afternoon when a devastating explosion, caused by igniting gas vapors, rocked the ship.  The earlier forward-most torpedo strike had cracked the hold containing highly volatile aviation fuel.  Two more explosions were to follow leaving the Lexington listing badly and consumed in smoke.  The end came the evening of 8 May, 1942 following the removal of her remaining living members of the crew.

Internal fires made flight deck a hot griddle 

Forward torpedo cracked aviation fuel hold

A carrier air group at the time of the Lexington was typically divided into four squadrons of about 18 aircraft each, in addition to several aircraft in reserve.  These squadrons would be broken into groups of fighters, torpedo planes, dive bombers and scout planes.  The scout planes would be the same as dive bombers except that they would carry an auxiliary tank for additional fuel in place of bombs.  Torpedo planes could sometimes serve as a horizontal bomber by a change in ordinance.  Fighter squadron sizes increased from 18 to 27 by the time of the battle of Midway.  Carriers during the Guadalcanal campaign would have as many as 36 fighters on board, reflecting the importance of an active air defense.  By late 1942 the U.S. Navy had lost the Lexington, Yorktown and Hornet, leaving the Enterprise as the lone fleet carrier left to fight in the southwest Pacific.  It would be May of the following year before the first Essex class carriers steamed into the Pacific.

US doctrine stored planes on flight deck

Fighters of the Lexington

F4B-1 

F4B-1                  Boeing

·         First carrier-based fighter able to deliver a large bomb in a near vertical dive

o   500 lb. bomb

·         F4B-2:  landing gear strengthened for carrier operations

o   No longer possible to carry large bomb on aircraft centerline

F2A Buffalo

F2A Buffalo        Brewster

·         Navy’s first monoplane fighter

·         1939, June – entered squadron service

·         Inferior to Wildcat in maneuverability

Speed:                  323 mph @ 16,500 ft

Ceiling:                 34,000 ft

Guns:

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / wings

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / engine cowling

Bombs:                 100 lb. on rack under each wing

F4F Wildcat

F4F Wildcat        Grumman

·         1940, December – entered squadron service

·         Inferior to Japanese Zero

Speed:                  331 mph @ 21,300 ft

Ceiling:                 37,000 ft

Guns:                    0.50 caliber mg x 4 / wings

Bombs:                 100 lb. on rack under each wing

Torpedo Bomber

T4M

T4M                       Martin

·         1928, August

·         Fabric-covered metal wings

·         Three man crew

Speed:                  114 mph

Ceiling:                 10,150 ft

Guns:                    0.30 caliber mg / rear cockpit

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                Bombs

TBD Devastator

TBD Devastator   Douglas

·         1937, June – entered squadron service

·         Used at Midway:  1942, June

·         Three-place torpedo plane

Pilot

Bombardier-navigator

       Used Norden bombsight

Gunner

·         Bombing mission:  3 men

·         Torpedo mission:   2 men

·         Older and less capable than Japanese Navy’s B5N Kate

Speed:                  206 mph @ 8,000 ft

Ceiling:                 19,700 ft

Guns:

                                0.30 caliber mg – forward firing

                                0.30 caliber mg – aft

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                1,000 lb. bomb

TBF Avenger

TBF Avenger      Grumman

·         1942, June 4 – first combat mission:  flown from Midway Island

·         Three man crew

Pilot – released torpedo

Bombardier / ventral gunner

Radio operator / turret gunner

·         Heaviest single engine warplane of World War II

·         Never deployed on Lexington

Speed:                  276 mph

Ceiling:                 25,000 ft

Guns:

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / wing

                                0.50 caliber mg / rear turret

                                0.30 caliber mg / ventral

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                2,000 lb. bombs

                               

Dive Bombers

SBD Dauntless

SBD-3 Dauntless     Douglas

·         1941, March – entered squadron service

·         Navy’s principal dive-bomber first 2.5 years of war

Speed:                  250 mph @ 16,000 ft

Ceiling:                 27,100 ft

Guns:                    0.50 caliber mg x 2 / forward fuselage

                              0.30 caliber mg x 2 / rear cockpit

Bombs:                 2,250 lb. maximum

Related Topics:

Yamamoto's Midway Strategy

Japan's Route to Pearl Harbor

Pacific Theater  1941

America Between Wars