F4F Wildcat

F4F Wildcat

F4F-4 Wildcat    Grumman

Type:                    

single-seat

                                carrier-based fighter

Power:

                                Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp

                                14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine

                                Two-stage supercharger

                                1,200 hp

Armament:         0.50 caliber mg x 6 / wings

                                Browning:           high velocity

                                                           750 – 850 rounds per minute

                                113kg / 250 lb. bombs x 2 / underwing racks

Dimensions:

Wingspan:           11.6m / 38 ft

·         Square wingtips

Wing area:           23.9m² / 260 sq ft

·         Improved center of gravity

·         Better stability

Length:                   8.8m / 28 ft 9 in

Height:                    3.6m / 11 ft 10 in

Weight:

Empty:                  2,626kg / 5,785lb

Max takeoff:          3,610kg / 7,952lb

Performance:

Max speed:               512kph / 318 mph @ 5,913m / 19,400 ft

Ceiling:                  10,638m / 34,900 ft

Range:                    1,239km / 770 miles

F3F predecessor to Wildcat

Grumman removed wing to make F4F monoplane

The original F4F design would be an evolutionary improvement over its predecessor, the Grumman F3F.  The F4F was also to be a biplane but the Navy thought differently.  It was 1936 and the future need for speed meant planes must shed the overhead redundant wing.  Grumman quickly lost the second wing but, unfortunately for them, Brewster Aeronautical had the jump in monoplane design.  A 1937 fly-off competition revealed significant handling problems with the Grumman entry and the Navy choose Brewster’s F2A Buffalo to be the first-line fighter for the fleet.  Still, the Navy wasn’t happy with the choice they had to make.  The Buffalo was merely satisfactory in performance.  Additionally, there were production delays and continuous difficulties with Brewster management.  While Brewster got the production contract in 1938, Grumman was awarded funds to continue development of their XF4F.  The Navy saw potential in the Grumman aircraft and their continued interest in the F4F indicated their misgivings with the Brewster Buffalo.    

1939 test flight makes F4F fleet fighter

Upgrades include armor and more guns

The following year, 1939, the Navy tests the XF4F-3.  The upgraded Grumman entry has an additional three hundred horsepower, making it faster than the Buffalo.  The tail is redesigned and the wings are enlarged giving the plane overall improved performance.  The Navy orders 78 of these Grumman aircraft, effectively replacing the Brewster program.  Improvements continue, most significant were those prompted by combat experience with the British version of the Grumman fighter – the Martlet.  Armament was increased from four to six guns in the wings in 1941.  Armor was added to protect the pilot, fuel tanks became self-sealing and the wings were made to fold back which added an additional fifty percent in storage capacity – an enormous improvement to a carrier’s offensive punch. 

Navy's fighter during early years of war

Narrow landing gear would be a problem

By now the F4F was officially known as the Wildcat.  It would be the Navy’s frontline fighter for the difficult first year and a half of the war in the Pacific.  Pilots would praise it for its heavy armament and sturdy structure.  It was the kind of plane that could bring you home despite being heavily damaged.  It was forgiving.  It was successful.  Still, it couldn’t beat a Zero in a one-to-one dogfight.  The fast and nimble Japanese A6M Zero was normally too elusive to train in your sights.  The most effective counter to this Mitsubishi fighter was using hit-and-run tactics while having a wingman protecting your tail.  Come in quick, smoke the bombers being protected by Zeros, then clear out and play defense, working in tandem with another pilot.  A Zero lingering on your tail to set up a shot is vulnerable to being hit by the heavy firepower of your partner.  The Zero’s Achilles’ heel was its light, unarmored construction.  A rapid stream spewing from six .50 calibers would quickly break the aircraft apart – end of threat.

Butch O'Hare: 5 bombers in one day

Bobbing decks make for tricky landings

By the end of 1943 the new Grumman F6F had replaced the Wildcat as the fleet’s frontline fighter.  Still the Hellcat continued to be produced.  It was manufactured by General Motors and it was designated the FM.  The final version, the FM-2, was produced until August, 1945.  Its ability to take off on very short runways made it the choice for small aircraft carriers.  More than 4,700 of these aircraft were built and they were available for a wide range of activities including anti-submarine operations. 

Wingman helps overcome Zero performance

Combat input from Martlet improved F4F design

The Grumman F4F Hellcat will always be remembered for its significant contribution to naval engagements in the Coral Sea, at Midway and in supporting the Marines at Guadalcanal.

Landing gear hand-cranked by pilot

Related Topics:

F2A Brewster Buffalo

A6M Mitsubishi Zero

SBD Dauntless

TBF Avenger 

CV 2 Lexington

CV 2     USS Lexington

Class:                          Lexington

CV 3       Saratoga

Builder:                        Fore River Shipbuilding, Quincy Massachusetts

Bethlehem Steel

Commissioned:          1927, 14 December

Displacement:            38,750 tons (standard)

47,650 ton (deep load)

Length:                        270.5 m / 888 ft.

Beam:                           32.1 m / 105 ft 6 in

Draught:                          8.4 m / 27 ft 6 in (standard)

9.9 m / 32 ft 6 in (deep draught)

Flight Deck:                263.8 x 32.3 m / 866 x 106 ft

Armament:                 203 mm / 8 in x 8

                                   127 mm / 5 in x 12 (as completed)

Armor:                        127 – 178 mm / 5 – 7 in (vertical belt)

                                     50 mm / 2 in (deck)

Machinery:                  Turbo-electric / 16 boilers / 4 shafts

Power:                        134,300 kW / 180,000 hp

Speed:                         33 knots

Fuel:                            2,650 tons (original)

Range:                        18,520 km / 10,000 nm @ 10 knots

Aircraft:                       83 (original assignment)

                                   36 fighters – 2 squadrons

                                   32 bombers – 2 squadrons

                                   12 plane observation squadron

                                     3 utility planes

Complement:              2,750 men

Saratoga (foreground) and Lexington 

The USS Lexington (CV 2) and her sister ship the Saratoga (CV 3) were converted from battle cruiser to carrier while under construction because of a treaty resulting from the Washington Naval Conference of 1922.  America’s first two real carriers came with hulls built to take a torpedo hit and a size that made it adaptable to aircraft that were rapidly evolving into larger size and weight.  These long, sleek ships displaced over thirty thousand tons but their sixteen boilers and turbo-electric machinery made them surprisingly fast – capable of exceeding thirty-three knots if necessary.  Their size enabled the concentration of a large air group that could be launched quickly for maximum striking power.  By 1929 fleet exercises made it evident that the carrier was a highly prized offensive platform despite the fact that its fleet of biplanes was not yet powerful enough to deliver a fatal punch.

8 inch guns for cruiser protection

The Lexington and her sister ship were initially armed with eight inch guns, grouped in four turrets of two guns apiece.  These were in line with the ship’s starboard island and its signature eighty foot stack that was constructed to disperse exhaust safely above flight operations on the deck below.  The guns were of such weight that they contributed to a slight permanent right list of the carrier, which could be offset by using fuel oil as counter-ballast.  The initial thinking was the carrier would need this means of defending itself from enemy cruisers that might attack at night or in bad weather, for instance, when aircraft would be unable to launch.  As carrier offensive doctrine developed, however, it became the rule that three heavy cruisers would combine with the carrier as a permanent tactical unit, providing her defense against conventional surface ships.  In April, 1942 these guns were removed from the Lexington and replaced by weapons suited to protect the carrier from attacks from the air.  It had become evident that the greatest threat to a carrier was aircraft from another carrier.  Thus, the primary carrier role was to destroy the opposing carrier in order to prevent its own destruction.

Large 80 foot stack of Lexington

American doctrine held that the best carrier defense was a quick and powerful carrier offense.  This view was shared by the Japanese.  Both countries would forego the weight penalty of armored flight decks and build theirs using wood planks.  This enabled them to pack more planes onboard to maximize their striking power.  The rules of battleship conflict still applied, but at a much greater distance:  victory goes to the side that first finds the enemy’s range and then pours down upon it maximum destructive force.  Carriers needed to be quick on the draw.  While Japan stored its planes in the hanger deck American doctrine had as many planes as possible parked on the flight deck, ready to launch.  The problem was that the Japanese were able to group the air wings of multiple carriers into a single force and then effectively coordinate the attacks of her torpedo planes and dive bombers.  During the early portion of the war American carriers acted independently and their torpedo and dive bombing attacks were typically disorganized and piecemeal.  Despite this, the U.S. Navy was able to blunt the Imperial Navy’s thrust into the Coral Sea in their first carrier engagement despite the greater number of American ships sunk. 

Early fighters and torpedo planes

The great loss for the United States in the battle of the Coral Sea was the sinking of the Lexington.  Her deck was struck by two bombs but the greater damage was caused by two torpedo strikes on her port side.  Still the Lexington was able to put out the fires and recover her airborne aircraft.  The ship was even proceeding at a respectable twenty-five knots.  It was shortly before one that afternoon when a devastating explosion, caused by igniting gas vapors, rocked the ship.  The earlier forward-most torpedo strike had cracked the hold containing highly volatile aviation fuel.  Two more explosions were to follow leaving the Lexington listing badly and consumed in smoke.  The end came the evening of 8 May, 1942 following the removal of her remaining living members of the crew.

Internal fires made flight deck a hot griddle 

Forward torpedo cracked aviation fuel hold

A carrier air group at the time of the Lexington was typically divided into four squadrons of about 18 aircraft each, in addition to several aircraft in reserve.  These squadrons would be broken into groups of fighters, torpedo planes, dive bombers and scout planes.  The scout planes would be the same as dive bombers except that they would carry an auxiliary tank for additional fuel in place of bombs.  Torpedo planes could sometimes serve as a horizontal bomber by a change in ordinance.  Fighter squadron sizes increased from 18 to 27 by the time of the battle of Midway.  Carriers during the Guadalcanal campaign would have as many as 36 fighters on board, reflecting the importance of an active air defense.  By late 1942 the U.S. Navy had lost the Lexington, Yorktown and Hornet, leaving the Enterprise as the lone fleet carrier left to fight in the southwest Pacific.  It would be May of the following year before the first Essex class carriers steamed into the Pacific.

US doctrine stored planes on flight deck

Fighters of the Lexington

F4B-1 

F4B-1                  Boeing

·         First carrier-based fighter able to deliver a large bomb in a near vertical dive

o   500 lb. bomb

·         F4B-2:  landing gear strengthened for carrier operations

o   No longer possible to carry large bomb on aircraft centerline

F2A Buffalo

F2A Buffalo        Brewster

·         Navy’s first monoplane fighter

·         1939, June – entered squadron service

·         Inferior to Wildcat in maneuverability

Speed:                  323 mph @ 16,500 ft

Ceiling:                 34,000 ft

Guns:

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / wings

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / engine cowling

Bombs:                 100 lb. on rack under each wing

F4F Wildcat

F4F Wildcat        Grumman

·         1940, December – entered squadron service

·         Inferior to Japanese Zero

Speed:                  331 mph @ 21,300 ft

Ceiling:                 37,000 ft

Guns:                    0.50 caliber mg x 4 / wings

Bombs:                 100 lb. on rack under each wing

Torpedo Bomber

T4M

T4M                       Martin

·         1928, August

·         Fabric-covered metal wings

·         Three man crew

Speed:                  114 mph

Ceiling:                 10,150 ft

Guns:                    0.30 caliber mg / rear cockpit

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                Bombs

TBD Devastator

TBD Devastator   Douglas

·         1937, June – entered squadron service

·         Used at Midway:  1942, June

·         Three-place torpedo plane

Pilot

Bombardier-navigator

       Used Norden bombsight

Gunner

·         Bombing mission:  3 men

·         Torpedo mission:   2 men

·         Older and less capable than Japanese Navy’s B5N Kate

Speed:                  206 mph @ 8,000 ft

Ceiling:                 19,700 ft

Guns:

                                0.30 caliber mg – forward firing

                                0.30 caliber mg – aft

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                1,000 lb. bomb

TBF Avenger

TBF Avenger      Grumman

·         1942, June 4 – first combat mission:  flown from Midway Island

·         Three man crew

Pilot – released torpedo

Bombardier / ventral gunner

Radio operator / turret gunner

·         Heaviest single engine warplane of World War II

·         Never deployed on Lexington

Speed:                  276 mph

Ceiling:                 25,000 ft

Guns:

                                0.50 caliber mg x 2 / wing

                                0.50 caliber mg / rear turret

                                0.30 caliber mg / ventral

Payload:

                                Torpedo or

                                2,000 lb. bombs

                               

Dive Bombers

SBD Dauntless

SBD-3 Dauntless     Douglas

·         1941, March – entered squadron service

·         Navy’s principal dive-bomber first 2.5 years of war

Speed:                  250 mph @ 16,000 ft

Ceiling:                 27,100 ft

Guns:                    0.50 caliber mg x 2 / forward fuselage

                              0.30 caliber mg x 2 / rear cockpit

Bombs:                 2,250 lb. maximum

Related Topics:

Yamamoto's Midway Strategy

Japan's Route to Pearl Harbor

Pacific Theater  1941

America Between Wars